Sabtu, 16 Februari 2013

KRISIS TIROID ( Thyrotoxic Storm )

Background
Thyroid crisis is a complication hypertiroidisme a rare but potentially fatal. Thyroid crisis must be recognized and addressed by the clinical manifestations because laboratory confirmation often can not be done in the timeframe that pretty quickly. Patients usually show hypermetabolik state characterized by high fever, tachycardi, nausea, vomiting, agitation, and psychosis. In the advanced stage, the patient may fall into a state of stupor or komatus accompanied by hypotensi.1
Thyroid crisis is a rare disease, which only happens about 1-2% of patients hypertiroidisme. While the overall incidence of hyperthyroidism itself only ranged from 0.05 to 1.3%, which most of them are subclinical. However, thyroid crisis unrecognized and untreated can have fatal consequences. Adult mortality in thyroid crisis reaches 10-20%. Even some of the research reports say as high as 75% of the patient population treated inap.1 With a controlled thyrotoxicosis and early treatment of thyroid crisis, the death rate can be reduced to less than 20% .2
Because the cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease most and that also affects other organ systems, conducting history is very important to enforce diagnosis.3 This is important because the diagnosis of thyroid crisis based on the clinical picture and not the picture laboratoris.2, 11.16 Another important note is that thyroid crisis is a crisis that requires fulminant intensive care and continuous supervision menerus.4 With early diagnosis and adequate treatment, the prognosis is usually going well.1 therefore need a proper understanding of thyroid crisis, especially regarding the diagnosis and penatalaksaannya.
Definition
some definitions:
Thyroid crisis is a condition where the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis with suddenly become great and accompanied by hyperpireksia, tachycardia and sometimes vomiting that continues menerus.11
Hypermetabolic thyroid crisis is a life-threatening condition and is characterized by high fever and dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, nervous system, and channel system cerna.5 Initially, arising hyperthyroidism which is a collection of symptoms caused by increased levels of circulating thyroid hormone with or without abnormal thyroid gland function. When the number was greatly exaggerated, there is a cluster of symptoms are more severe, the crisis tirotoksikosis.1 thyroid is a condition in which the body's happening decompensated thyrotoxicosis tersebut.6 Typically occurs in patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis or not completely heal triggered by surgery, infection , or trauma.1

Minggu, 06 Januari 2013

SEPSIS

 

Sepsis adalah suatu sindroma klinik yang terjadi oleh karena adanya respon tubuh yang berlebihan terhadap rangsangan produk mikroorganisme. Ditandai dengan panas, takikardia, takipnea, hipotensi dan disfungsi organ berhubungan dengan gangguan sirkulasi darah.

Sepsis sindroma klinik yang ditandai dengan:

  • Hyperthermia/hypothermia (>38°C; <35,6°C)
  • Tachypneu (respiratory rate >20/menit)
  • Tachycardia (pulse >100/menit)
  • Leukocytosis >12.000/mm3  atau Leukopoenia <4.000/mm3
  • 10% >cell imature
  • Suspected infection

Biomarker sepsis (CCM 2003) adalah prokalsitonin (PcT); C reactive Protein (CrP).

Derajat Sepsis

 

SYOK ANAFILAKTIK

DEFINISI

Secara harfiah, anafilaksis berasal dari kata ana yang berarti balik dan phylaxis yang berarti perlindungan. Dalam hal ini respons imun yang seharusnya melindungi (prophylaxis) justru merusak jaringan, dengan kata lain kebalikan dari pada melindungi (anti-phylaxis atau anaphylaxis).

Syok anafilaktik adalah suatu respons hipersensitivitas yang diperantarai oleh Immunoglobulin E (hipersensitivitas tipe I) yang ditandai dengan curah jantung dan tekanan arteri yang menurun hebat. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya suatu reaksi antigen-antibodi yang timbul segera setelah suatu antigen yang sensitif masuk dalam sirkulasi. Syok anafilaktik merupakan salah satu manifestasi klinis dari anafilaksis yang merupakan syok distributif, ditandai oleh adanya hipotensi yang nyata akibat vasodilatasi mendadak pada pembuluh darah dan disertai kolaps pada sirkulasi darah yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kematian. Syok anafilaktik merupakan kasus kegawatan, tetapi terlalu sempit untuk menggambarkan anafilaksis secara keseluruhan, karena anafilaksis yang berat dapat terjadi tanpa adanya hipotensi, seperti pada anafilaksis dengan gejala utama obstruksi saluran napas.